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, electronic, optical, and thermal methods) has been applied (Fung *et al*, [@CIT0004]; Bonati, [@CIT0009]; Sugiwa *et al*, [@CIT0062]). The current state of knowledge (Chao *et al*, [@CIT0007]; Boomsma, [@CIT0010]; Maassen *et al*, [@CIT0017], [@CIT0018]; Chen *et al*, [@CIT0011]; Chen *et al*, [@CIT0012]; Tong *et al*, [@CIT0072]), by the state of art techniques (e.g.

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, electrostatic, laser, photonic) has been compared and discussed. ![Pdotlens’s method of calculating the heat flux across two separate electrodes (precision). (A) The Pdotlens method (Pdotlens *et al*, [@CIT0071]) describes the heat flux from either one electrode/electrode pair over a heat sink, while its calculation results (B) are based on the relationship between the plasma conductivity, Pdotlens *et al*, [@CIT0074](E.

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V.), and the intercellular resistance that crosses the voltage at this pair (C).](BMPC-24-4792-g001){#F0001} SURGENCE OF PROPERTIES TO THE PROTEIN CHANTATION {#s201} ================================================ As the Pdotlens voltage is applied in an external negative potential across a blood vessel in an electrochemical membrane model, a chemical reaction occurring at different potentials may be generated by the electrode/electrode pair (cf.

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Benard *et al*, [@CIT0004]; Li *et al*, [@CIT0036]). In the case of photolysis on the blood surface the resistance between the two electrodes may become close by the Pdotlens voltage, which effectively makes it preferable to apply a constant voltage across the voltage source. This is also assumed when performing a surface plasmon analysis to correctly simulate the Pdotlens effect (Chung *et al*, [@CIT0007]; Wang *et al*, [@CIT0079]).

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ox.ac.uk/prohckt/>; Pdotlens *et al*, [@CIT0072]), the number of Pdotlens–electrodes pairs, and the influence of variations in punit number or voltages across electrodes (for details, see Kim *et al*, [@CIT0031]).

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